BAHAN KIMIA DALAM PERINDUSTRIAN

ALOI
1. Aloi ialah bahan yang terbina dari percampuran 2 atau lebih logam berlainan.
2. Sifat aloi adalah kuat, lebih keras, tahan kakisan dan mempunyai rupabentuk yang menarik.
3. Contoh-contoh aloi dan kegunaannya adalah seperti dibawah :-

Keluli (Besi + Karbon) Jambatan dan bangunan
Gangsa (Kuprum +Timah) Bahan perhiasan seperti piala
Loyang (Kuprum + Zink) Kunci dan alat musik
Duralumin (Aluminium +Kuprum) Badan kapal terbang

4. Proses mencampur logam-logam untuk membentuk bahan aloi disebut proses PENGALOIAN.
5. Kehadiran atom lain dalam susunan atom logam utama mengelakkan kelongsoran, inilah sebabnya aloi sangat kuat dan keras.

6. "Aloi superkonduktor" ialah aloi yang boleh mengalirkan arus elektrik dalam keadaan tanpa rintangan pada suhu yang sangat rendah. Ia mempunyai sifat yang sangat istimewa kerana aloi ini ditolak oleh magnet. Kegunaan aloi ini pada masa hadapan ialah untuk membina keretapi "terapung"(bullet train) yang kelajuannya amat tinggi.

AMMONIA
Ammonia ialah bahan kimia yang mempunyai 1 atom nitrogen bergabung dengan 3 atom hidrogen.
Ammonia digunakan untuk membuat baja bernitrogen, asid nitrik, Bahan letupan TNT, Agen pencuci dan pewarna.
Ammonia dihasilkan melalui proses "HABER".
Proses Haber ialah proses yang menggabungkan 1 bahagian Nitrogen dan 3 bahagian Hidrogen pada suhu dan tekanan tinggi. Suhu yang digunakan dalam Proses haber ialah 450-500oC, manakala tekanan yang dikenakan ialah 200-500 atm. Mangkin yang digunakan ialah besi untuk mempercepatkan tindak balas
Urea ialah sejenis baja bernitrogen yang dibuat dari ammonia yang dihasilkan dengan memanaskan ammonia dengan karbon dioksida pada suhu dan tekanan tinggi.

PENCEMARAN
Terdapat beberapa punca utama Pencemaran :-

a. Pembakaran Bahan Api Fosil seperti Diesel.

Gas beracun yang terbebas ialah Sulfur dioksida, karbon monoksida, nitrogen dioksida, jelaga dan debu.
Kesan buruk dari pencemaran ini ialah HUJAN ASID, KEJADIAN RUMAH HIJAU dan menjejaskan KESIHATAN MANUSIA.

b. Sisa Toksik dari Industri.

Bahan toksik yang terbebas ialah asid dan alkali, plumbum dan merkuri.
Kesannya kepada alam sekitar ialah ia boleh mengubah pH air dan seterusnya mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem akuatik. Kura-kura mati:-(
Bahan toksik juga boleh menyebabkan gangguan pernafasan dan sistem saraf.

c. Pembuangan Sisa Kelapa Sawit dan Sisa Getah.

Bahan yang terbuang seperti hampas, kulit buah dan tangkai boleh mencemarkan.
Bahan sisa getah seperti tayar buruk dan sarung tangan susah untuk mereput dan amat mencemarkan alam sekitar.
Kedua-dua sisa ini boleh mencemarkan air, udara dan darat.

d. Sisa Daripada Bahan Radioaktif.

Sisa radioaktif masih boleh memancarkan sinaran radioaktif yang merbahaya.
Pendedahan manusia kepada sinaran ini boleh menyebabkan mutasi, kanser, kemandulan dan kecacatan fetus.

PENGAWALAN PEMBUANGAN SISA INDUSTRI

A. Penggunaan teknologi seperti membina "pemendak elektrostatik" pada cerobong kilang. Ini boleh mengurangkan gas karbon monoksida.
B. Menggunakan Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar untuk mendenda pengilang yang mencemarkan alam sekitar.
C. Mendidik orang ramai tentang pentingnya menjaga alam sekitar. Ini dilaksanakan dengan mengadakan kempen seperti ceramah, iklan TV dan Radio.

Human Brain Analysis - Men vs. Women......A MUST READ!

1. MULTI-TASKING
Women - Multiple process
Womens brains designed to concentrate multiple task at a time.
Women can Watch a TV and Talk over phone and cook.
Men - Single Process
Mens brains designed to concentrate only one work at a time. Men can not watch TV and talk over the phone at the same time. they stop the TV while Talking. They can either watch TV or talk over the phone or cook.

2. LANGUAGE
Women can easily learn many languages. But can not find solutions to problems. Men can not easily learn languages, they can easily solve problems. That's why in average a 3 years old girl has three times higher vocabulary than a 3 years old boy.

3. ANALYTICAL SKILLS
Mens brains has a lot of space for handling the analytical process. They can analyze and find the solution for a process and design a map of a building easily. But If a complex map is viewed by women, they can not understand it. Women can not understand the details of a map easily, For them it is just a dump of lines on a paper.

4. CAR DRIVING.
While driving a car, mans analytical spaces are used in his brain. He can drive a car fastly. If he sees an object at long distance, immediately his brain classifies the object (bus or van or car) direction and speed of the object and he drives accordingly. Where woman take a long time to recognize the object direction/ speed. Mans single process mind stops the audio in the car (if any), then concentrates only on driving.

5. LYING
When men lie to women face to face, they get caught easily. Womans super natural brain observes facial expression 70%, body language 20% and words coming from the mouth 10%. Mens brain does not have this. Women easily lie to men face to face.
So guys, do not lie face to face.

6. PROBLEMS SOLVING
If a man have a lot of problems, his brain clearly classifies the problems and puts them in individual rooms in the brain and then finds the solution one by one. You can see many guys looking at the sky for a long time. If a woman has a lot of problems, her brain can not classify the problems. she wants some one to hear that. After telling everything to a person she goes happily to bed. She does not worry about the problems being solved or not.

7. WHAT THEY WANT
Men want status, success, solutions, big process, etc... But Women want relationship, friends, family, etc...

8. UNHAPPINESS
If women are unhappy with their relations, they can not concentrate on their work. If men are unhappy with their work, they can not concentrate on the relations.

9. SPEECH
Women use indirect language in speech. But Men use direct language.


10. HANDLING EMOTION
Women talk a lot without thinking. Men act a lot without thinking.

What is Fear?

1. Fear is a chain reaction in the brain that starts with a stressful stimulus and ends with the release of chemicals that cause a racing heart, fast breathing and energized muscles, among other things, also known as the fight-or-flight response.

2. The stimulus could be a spider, a knife at your throat, an auditorium full of people waiting for you to speak or the sudden thud of your front door against the door frame.

3. The brain is a profoundly complex organ. More than 100 billion nerve cells comprise an intricate network of communications that is the starting point of everything we sense, think and do. 

4. Some of these communications lead to conscious thought and action, while others produce autonomic responses. The fear response is almost entirely autonomic: We don't consciously trigger it or even know what's going on until it has run its course.

5. Because cells in the brain are constantly transferring information and triggering responses, there are dozens of areas of the brain at least peripherally involved in fear. But research has discovered that certain parts of the brain play central roles in the process:

• Thalamus - decides where to send incoming sensory data (fromeyes, ears, mouth, skin)
• Sensory cortex - interprets sensory data
• Hippocampus - stores and retrieves conscious memories; processes sets of stimuli to establish context
• Amygdala - decodes emotions; determines possible threat; stores fear memories
• Hypothalamus - activates "fight or flight" response

T­he process of creating fear begins with a scary stimulus and ends with the fight-or-flight response.